Transitioning to manual driving requires additional time after automation deactivation

Previous research has shown that drivers are generally able to deactivate the automation in an automated vehicle after a Take-Over Request (TOR) in a relatively short time frame of approximately 3–5s on average (e.g. Gold, Körber, Hohenberger, Lechner, & Bengler, 2015; Melcher, Rauh, Diederichs, Widlroither, & Bauer, 2015). However, it is yet unclear if drivers are able to adequately react to unexpected traffic events shortly after the transition of control and some studies have shown that stabilizing the vehicle after this transition may take longer than deactivating the automation (e.g. Merat, Jamson, Lai, Daly, & Carsten, 2014).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369847817301924?via%3Dihub